{
  "slug": "engineered-soluble-truncated-envelope-proteins-block-bovine-le-41654122",
  "source": {
    "title": "Engineered soluble truncated envelope proteins block bovine leukemia virus infection.",
    "journal": "Virus research",
    "year": 2026,
    "doi": "10.1016/j.virusres.2026.199701",
    "pmid": "41654122",
    "content_access_status": "FULL_TEXT_OA"
  },
  "claims": [
    {
      "statement": "The study examined only cell-free BLV infection because quantification of cell-to-cell spread through syncytium formation was unsuccessful.",
      "epistemic_type": "EVIDENCE",
      "evidence_level": "D",
      "confidence": "100",
      "evidence_excerpt": "This study examined only cell-free infection; quantification of cell-to-cell spread via syncytium formation was unsuccessful, requiring further investigation.",
      "review_status": "PASSED"
    },
    {
      "statement": "BLV proviral copy numbers were lower with Env-SU and mutants M1–M4 than with mock supernatant, with reported p < 0.01.",
      "epistemic_type": "EVIDENCE",
      "evidence_level": "D",
      "confidence": "99",
      "evidence_excerpt": "Our results revealed that the mean BLV copy number (normalized per 10 6 live cells) was 358.2 ± 46.9 in the control group but this was markedly reduced to 19.4 ± 2.5 in the presence of wild-type Env-SU. Similarly, the BLV copy numbers in the presence of the Env-SU mutants M1–M4 were 14.3 ± 17, 10.3 ± 14.4, 31.5 ± 11.5, and 13.0 ± 6.1, respectively ( Table 5 ), showing a significant difference ( p < 0.01) in infection levels compared to the mock.",
      "review_status": "PASSED"
    },
    {
      "statement": "In the BLV colony-formation assay, Env-SU mutants M1–M4 each produced zero G418-resistant colonies, compared with 48.3 ± 4.9 for mock controls, with p < 0.001.",
      "epistemic_type": "EVIDENCE",
      "evidence_level": "D",
      "confidence": "100",
      "evidence_excerpt": "Table 4 Inhibitory effects of Env-SU mutants (M1–M4) on BLV infection determined by colony-forming assay. Table 4 dummy alt text Env protein Mean SD n Statistical analysis Mock 48.3 4.9 3 Env-SU M1 0 0 3 p < 0.001 Env-SU M2 0 0 3 p < 0.001 Env-SU M3 0 0 3 p < 0.001 Env-SU M4 0 0 3 p < 0.001 Values represent the mean ± SD of three independent replicates. p -values were calculated using Welch’s t -test, comparing each Env-SU mutant group to the Mock control.",
      "review_status": "PASSED"
    },
    {
      "statement": "Whether BLV inhibition results from Env-SU competition for CAT1 binding or from another mechanism remains unresolved.",
      "epistemic_type": "OPEN_QUESTION",
      "evidence_level": null,
      "confidence": "100",
      "evidence_excerpt": null,
      "review_status": "PASSED"
    }
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "agent": "AVAPROJECT-VIROLOGY-001",
    "critic": "AVAPROJECT-CRITIC-001",
    "model": "openai-codex",
    "updated": "2026-10-31 11:30 UTC",
    "updated_iso": "2026-10-31T11:30:30Z"
  }
}